Channels (CSP pattern)

An implementation of channel abstraction and CSP patterns for Clojure and ClojureScript. It's a core.async alternative implementation of channel abstraction that leverages platform facilities for concurrency (no go macro transformations, leverages virtual threads on the JVM).

NOTE: Virtual threads are only available on JDK 21+ (or JDK 19 with experimental features enabled).

See the Code Walkthrough to learn the main API usage patterns. Also, you can read the core.async rationale for better understanding the main ideas of the CSP pattern.

NOTE: Although the main focus is the use in JVM, where all of the potential is, the channel implementation is also available on CLJS. There are no go macros on CLJS, but all the operators (including alts) can be used with already available promesa API and syntactic abstractions (such as promesa.core/loop and promesa.core/recur). Read the docstring to know if the operator/helper internally uses vthreads or not.

Differences with core.async

The main highlights and differences with core.async are:

• There are no macro transformations, the go macro is a convenient alias for p/vthread (or p/thread when vthreads are not available); there are not limitation on using blocking calls inside go macro neither many other inconveniences of core.async go macro, mainly thanks to virtual threads. They are only available on JVM.
• No callbacks, functions returns promises or blocks; you can use the promise composition API or thread blocking API, whatever you want.
• No take/put limits; you can attach more than 1024 pending tasks to a channel.
• Simpler mental model, there are no differences between parking and blocking operations.
• Analogous performance; in my own stress tests it has the same performance as core.async.
• First class errors support on channels.

There are also some internal differences that you should know:

• The promesa implementation immediately cancels all pending puts when channel is closed in contrast to core.async that leaves them operative until all puts are succeeded
• The promesa implementation takes less of a granular locking approach than core.async, but it should not have any effect on the final performance or usability
• Operators or channel helpers do not use vthreads internally so they can be used safely on CLJS or JVM without virtual threads.

Getting Started

This documentation assumes you have a bit of knowledge of core.async API.

Working with channels API

Let's create a channel and put a value in it:

(require '[promesa.exec.csp :as sp])

(def ch (sp/chan :buf 2))

;; perform a blocking put operation using a blocking operation
(sp/put! ch :a)
;; => true

;; Or perform a blocking put operation using `put` function
;; that returns a promise/future-like object (CompletableFuture)
@(sp/put ch :b)
;; => true

Now, let's try to retrieve data from channel:

;; Using a blocking helper, analogous to clojure.core.async/<!!
(sp/take! ch)
;; => :a

;; Or blocking on promise
@(sp/take ch)
;; => :b

You also can take with timeout:

@(sp/take ch 1000 :not-found)
;; => :not-found

For convenience and core.async familiarity, there are also <! and >! functions that have the same api as their counterpart take! and put!

The go blocks

Now, knowing how channels works, let's start with go blocks.

In contrast to core.async, the promesa go blocks are just virtual threads (or standard threads if the vthreads are not available) so there are no macro limitations nor blocking/parking differences.

The promesa go blocks returns promises (CompletableFuture's) instead of channels. This is because the code on go block can fail and channels are bad abstraction for represent a computation result that can fail.

@(sp/go
   (sp/<! ch 1000 :timeout))
;; => :timeout

But if you need a channel, there are go-chan macro. The go + loop macro is also available as go-loop.

Multiple Operations

If you want to perform multiple operations on the same or multiple channels. In the same line as clojure.core.async/alts!!, this library exposes the promesa.exec.csp/alts! macro that has the same API:

(let [c1 (sp/chan)
      c2 (sp/chan)]
  (sp/go-loop []
    (let [[v ch] (sp/alts! [c1 c2])]
      (when v
        (println "Read" v "from" ch)
        (recur))))

  @(sp/go
     (sp/>! c1 "hi")
     (sp/>! c2 "there")
     (sp/close c1)
     (sp/close c2)))

;; Prints (on stdout):
;;   Read hi from #<promesa.exec.csp.channel.Channel ...>
;;   Read there from #<promesa.exec.csp.channel.Channel ...>

For completeness, there are also alts function, that returns a CompletableFuture instead of blocking the current thread.

Channel multiplexing

There are some situations when you want multiple readers on the same data or implement some kind of pub/sub. For this reason we have the multiplexed channel constructors: mult and mult*.

(def mx (sp/mult))

(a/go
  (let [ch (sp/chan)]
    (sp/tap mx ch)
    (println "go 1:" (sp/<! ch))
    (sp/close ch)))

(a/go
  (let [ch (sp/chan)]
    (sp/tap mx ch)
    (println "go 2:" (sp/<! ch))
    (sp/close ch)))

(sp/>! mx :a)

;; Will print to stdout (maybe in different order)
;;   go 1: :a
;;   go 2: :a

The mult constructor returns a multiplexer, and as it implements the channel API, you can put values in directly. For the cases when you already have a channel that you want multiplex, just use the mult*.

The mult* works in the same way as clojure.core.async/mult. There are also untap function for removing the channel from the multiplexer.

Closed channels are automatically removed from the multiplexer.

Errors

One difference with core.async, promesa channels supports the notion of error. The errors can happen externally (a producer process that fails) or internally (happens on the provided transducer).

For notification of a possible external exception cause, you should proceed to call close function with the cause as second argument:

(sp/close ch (ex-info "error" {}))

If the exception is happened on the transducer, the channel will be closed with that exception. This behavior can be overridden specifying custom exception handler on the channel constructor:

(def ch (sp/chan :buf 1 :xf (map inc) :exh sp/throw-uncaught))

The sp/throw-uncaught function is a builtin exception handler that just uses the platform mechanism to throw the exception to the uncaught handler (the default behavior of core.async). If no :exh parameter is provided the sp/close-with-exception will be used. This is only relevant if you provide transducer.

An exception handler is just a function that accepts two arguments: the channel and the exception instance.

Custom Executor

The channels by default will use virtual threads (if available, or the common-pool in other case) for internal dispatching. But you can overwrite that providing a custom executor on the channel constructor:

(require '[promesa.exec :as px])

(def executor (px/cached-executor))

(def ch (sp/chan :exc executor))