A collection of efficient ring middleware for limiting access to your application code based on things like source ip, concurrency, and rate of requests. Uses no dependencies.

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Allow IPs

If you don't already understand the security implications of ip firewalling please read understanding source ip based security. Your allow-list must encompass the intended client IPs as well as any intermediate reverse proxies that add themselves to the forwarded headers. This middleware supports both IPv4 and IPv6 ranges.

(require '[ring-firewall-middleware.core :as rfm])
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty])

(defn admin-handler [request]
  {:status 200 :body "Top Secret!"})

(def internal-network-only
  (rfm/wrap-allow-ips admin-handler {:allow-list #{"10.0.0.0/8"}}))

(jetty/run-jetty internal-network-only {:port 3000})

Deny IPs

If you don't already understand the security implications of ip firewalling please read understanding source ip based security. If any of the IPs in your deny-list appear in the forwarded headers or as the source IP of the network packets then the request will be denied. This middleware supports both IPv4 and IPv6 ranges.

In most cases you should be using wrap-allow-ips and not wrap-deny-ips. This middleware is only useful for implementing naive banning of poorly behaved clients and should not be relied upon as a robust way to restrict access to your site.

(require '[ring-firewall-middleware.core :as rfm])
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty])

(defn site-handler [request]
  {:status 200 :body "Runescape"})

(def kiddies
  (->> (slurp "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stamparm/ipsum/master/ipsum.txt")
       (clojure.string/split-lines)
       (keep #(re-find #"(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)" %))
       (map second)
       (into #{})))

(def keep-out-the-script-kiddies
  (rfm/wrap-deny-ips site-handler {:deny-list kiddies}))

(jetty/run-jetty keep-out-the-script-kiddies {:port 3000})

Concurrency Throttle

You can use concurrency throttling to limit the number of requests that simultaneously exercise some section of your app. This is useful if you have any endpoints that are particularly expensive and may cause instability if invoked enough.

It's a "throttle" and not a "limit" because new requests that would exceed the max-concurrency will block until an earlier request completes and then are processed (unless it takes so long that the client decides to stop waiting).

(require '[ring-firewall-middleware.core :as rfm])
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty])

(defn expensive [request]
  {:status 200 :body "crawl the entire database"})
  
(def controlled-chaos
  (rfm/wrap-concurrency-throttle expensive {:max-concurrent 1}))
  
(jetty/run-jetty controlled-chaos {:port 3000})

Concurrency Limit

You can use concurrency limiting to limit the number of requests that simultaneously exercise some section of your app. This is useful if you have any endpoints that are particularly expensive and may cause instability if invoked enough.

It's a "limit" and not a "throttle" because new requests that would exceed the max-concurrency receive an error response from the server and will need to be retried by the client at a later time.

(require '[ring-firewall-middleware.core :as rfm])
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty])

(defn expensive [request]
  {:status 200 :body "crawl the entire database"})
  
(def controlled-chaos
  (rfm/wrap-concurrency-limit expensive {:max-concurrent 1}))
  
(jetty/run-jetty controlled-chaos {:port 3000})

Rate Throttle

You can use rate throttling to control the number of requests that exercise portions of your app over a period of time. This is useful if you have endpoints that are particularly expensive and may cause instability or unfairness to other users if invoked frequently enough.

It's a "throttle" and not a "limit" because new requests that would exceed the max-requests in a period will block until the request can be made without exceeding the limit and then be processed (unless it takes so long that the client decided to stop waiting).

(require '[ring-firewall-middleware.core :as rfm])
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty])

(defn expensive [request]
  {:status 200 :body "crawl the entire database"})
  
(def controlled-chaos
  (rfm/wrap-rate-throttle expensive {:max-requests 100 :period 60000}))
  
(jetty/run-jetty controlled-chaos {:port 3000})

Rate Limit

You can use rate limiting to control the number of requests that exercise portions of your app over a period of time. This is useful if you have endpoints that are particularly expensive and may cause instability or unfairness to other users if invoked frequently enough.

It's a "limit" and not a "throttle" because new requests that would exceed the max-requests in a period will receive an error response from the server and will need to be retried by the client at a later time.

(require '[ring-firewall-middleware.core :as rfm])
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty])

(defn expensive [request]
  {:status 200 :body "crawl the entire database"})
  
(def controlled-chaos
  (rfm/wrap-rate-limit expensive {:max-requests 100 :period 60000}))
  
(jetty/run-jetty controlled-chaos {:port 3000})

Knock Knock

This middleware is a play on port knocking. If a client provides a "knock" query parameter in their request with the correct secret value then their IP address will be added to the "allow-list" for a configurable amount of time. Otherwise, if they provide an incorrect secret too many times they will be added to the "deny-list" for a period of time which prevents even a subsequent successful attempt. If no knock is provided the request is simply denied.

(require '[ring-firewall-middleware.core :as rfm])
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty])

(defn admin-handler [request]
  {:status 200 :body "Top Secret!"})
  
(def super-safe
  (rfm/wrap-knock-knock admin-handler {:secret "shaveandahaircut2bits"}))
  
(jetty/run-jetty super-safe {:port 3000})

; grant access for 30 minutes
; curl http://localhost:3000?knock=shaveandahaircut2bits

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Understanding Source IP Based Security

There is a lot of misinformation on the web about the security of IP firewalling. I will attempt to provide some clarity for the typical web developer.

On Packet Source IP Spoofing

• The source ip in a network packet can be set to whatever an attacker wants
• Packets returned from a server are sent to whatever source ip was provided
• It would be pointless for an attacker to send packets pretending to come from somewhere they already have access to receive responses
• An attacker will be able to send a bad source ip and get a packet through to you, but they won't ever receive any response packets
• HTTP is built on the TCP protocol and requires at least one round trip of network packets to establish a connection
• An attacker cannot use source ip spoofing to complete the round trip required to establish a connection and make a http request

On Http Client IP Spoofing

• It is common for your website to run behind a reverse proxy (apache, nginx, haproxy, ELB, etc)
• The network packets you receive, then, are actually sent with the proxy server set as the source ip
• Reverse proxies will often send the original client IP in an additional http header for your app to leverage
• A malicious client might try to send that same http header trying to trick the app behind the proxy server
• Secure proxy configurations will drop or override such attempted headers sent by the client
• You might have multiple proxies in a series and so to pass the correct ip along intermediate proxies must not drop the client ip that was sent to them in a header. Usually you can configure the proxy to not drop such headers if the packets came from a trusted source (another proxy you own).

On Position Of Firewall

This firewall is filtering inside your application code which means attackers are still causing application threads to be used and some application code to be executed. It's just a mechanism to prevent calls from network locations that aren't allowed from reaching particular code within your app.

Go Forth And Conquer

So long as you understand the above and know that you're either pulling the correct client ip from a securely managed http header (in the case of a reverse proxy) or directly from the network packet ip (no reverse proxy) then ip firewalling is a fine security mechanism for TCP protocol.

Note that the advice here applies only to HTTP over TCP. UDP is a very different story because a single malicious packet can cause application level code to execute (there is no round trip unless implemented as part of the application level communications). Even though an attacker is still unable to access the response they can do things like DDOS another service by directing all responses from the server to that other service.

Good security professionals will always recommend "defense in depth" which would suggest sensitive things should require multiple mechanisms for access, like personal authentication and not only network access. In this way, if your network is compromised you still have other protections.

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Alternatives

ring-ip-whitelist

I created ring-firewall-middleware because ring-ip-whitelist uses an inefficient approach of expanding cidr ranges into an in-memory set of all IPs in that range. For large subnets this can quickly grow to a large amount of memory (70+ MB).

ring-firewall-middleware simply runs a fast bit manipulation to see if the client ip lies within the cidr range. This operation takes just 1μs and a few bytes of memory regardless of the size of the cidr range.

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License

This project is licensed under MIT license.