Tips & Tricks

This page contains various tips and tricks that make it easier to use next.jdbc with a variety of databases. It is mostly organized by database, but there are a few that are cross-database and those are listed first.

CLOB & BLOB SQL Types

Columns declared with the CLOB or BLOB SQL types are typically rendered into Clojure result sets as database-specific custom types but they will implement java.sql.Clob or java.sql.Blob (as appropriate). In general, you can only read the data out of those Java objects during the current transaction, which effectively means that you need to do it either inside the reduction (for plan) or inside the result set builder (for execute! or execute-one!). If you always treat these types the same way for all columns across the whole of your application, you could simply extend next.jdbc.result-set/ReadableColumn to java.sql.Clob (and/or java.sql.Blob). Here's an example for reading CLOB into a String:

(extend-protocol rs/ReadableColumn
  java.sql.Clob
  (read-column-by-label ^String [^java.sql.Clob v _]
    (with-open [rdr (.getCharacterStream v)] (slurp rdr)))
  (read-column-by-index ^String [^java.sql.Clob v _2 _3]
    (with-open [rdr (.getCharacterStream v)] (slurp rdr))))

There is a helper in next.jdbc.result-set to make this easier -- clob->string:

(extend-protocol rs/ReadableColumn
  java.sql.Clob
  (read-column-by-label ^String [^java.sql.Clob v _]
    (clob->string v))
  (read-column-by-index ^String [^java.sql.Clob v _2 _3]
    (clob->string v)))

As noted in Result Set Builders, there is also clob-column-reader that can be used with the as-*-adapter result set builder functions.

No helper or column reader is provided for BLOB data since it is expected that the semantics of any given binary data will be application specific. For a raw byte[] you could probably use:

    (.getBytes v 1 (.length v)) ; BLOB has 1-based byte index!

Consult the java.sql.Blob documentation for more ways to process it.

MS SQL Server

In MS SQL Server, the generated key from an insert comes back as :GENERATED_KEYS.

By default, you won't get table names as qualifiers with Microsoft's JDBC driver (you might with the jTDS drive -- I haven't tried that recently). See this MSDN forum post about .getTableName() for details. According to one of the answers posted there, if you specify :result-type and :concurrency in the options for execute!, execute-one!, plan, or prepare, that will cause SQL Server to return table names for columns. :result-type needs to be :scoll-sensitive or :scroll-insensitive for this to work. :concurrency can be :read-only or :updatable.

MySQL & MariaDB

In MySQL, the generated key from an insert comes back as :GENERATED_KEY. In MariaDB, the generated key from an insert comes back as :insert_id.

MySQL generally stores tables as files so they are case-sensitive if your O/S is (Linux) or case-insensitive if your O/S is not (Mac, Windows) but the column names are generally case-insensitive. This can matter when if you use next.jdbc.result-set/as-lower-maps because that will lower-case the table names (as well as the column names) so if you are round-tripping based on the keys you get back, you may produce an incorrect table name in terms of case. You'll also need to be careful about :table-fn/:column-fn because of this.

It's also worth noting that column comparisons are case-insensitive so WHERE foo = 'BAR' will match "bar" or "BAR" etc.

Oracle

Ah, dear old Oracle! Over the years of maintaining clojure.java.jdbc and now next.jdbc, I've had all sorts of bizarre and non-standard behavior reported from Oracle users. The main issue I'm aware of with next.jdbc is that Oracle's JDBC drivers all return an empty string from ResultSetMetaData.getTableName() so you won't get qualified keywords in the result set hash maps. Sorry!

PostgreSQL

When you use :return-keys true with execute! or execute-one! (or you use insert!), PostgreSQL returns the entire inserted row (unlike nearly every other database that just returns any generated keys!).

If you have a query where you want to select where a column is IN a sequence of values, you can use col = ANY(?) with a native array of the values instead of IN (?,?,?,,,?) and a sequence of values.

What does this mean for your use of next.jdbc? In plan, execute!, and execute-one!, you can use col = ANY(?) in the SQL string and a single primitive array parameter, such as (int-array [1 2 3 4]). That means that in next.jdbc.sql's functions that take a where clause (find-by-keys, update!, and delete!) you can specify ["col = ANY(?)" (int-array data)] for what would be a col IN (?,?,?,,,?) where clause for other databases and require multiple values.

Streaming Result Sets

You can get PostgreSQL to stream very large result sets (when you are reducing over plan) by setting the following options:

• :auto-commit false -- when opening the connection
• :fetch-size 4000, :concurrency :read-only, :cursors :close, :result-type :forward-only -- when running plan (or when creating a PreparedStatement).

Working with Date and Time

By default, PostgreSQL's JDBC driver does not always perform conversions from java.util.Date to a SQL data type. You can enable this by extending SettableParameter to the appropriate (Java) types, or by simply requiring next.jdbc.date-time.

Working with JSON and JSONB

PostgreSQL has good support for storing, querying and manipulating JSON data. Basic Clojure data structures (lists, vectors, and maps) transform pretty well to JSON data. With a little help next.jdbc can automatically convert Clojure data to JSON and back for us.

First we define functions for JSON encoding and decoding. We're using metosin/jsonista in these examples but you could use any JSON library, such as Cheshire or clojure.data.json.

(require '[jsonista.core :as json])

;; :decode-key-fn here specifies that JSON-keys will become keywords:
(def mapper (json/object-mapper {:decode-key-fn keyword}))
(def ->json json/write-value-as-string)
(def <-json #(json/read-value % mapper))

Next we create helper functions to transform Clojure data to and from PostgreSQL Objects containing JSON:

(import '(org.postgresql.util PGobject))

(defn ->pgobject
  "Transforms Clojure data to a PGobject that contains the data as
  JSON. PGObject type defaults to `jsonb` but can be changed via
  metadata key `:pgtype`"
  [x]
  (let [pgtype (or (:pgtype (meta x)) "jsonb")]
    (doto (PGobject.)
      (.setType pgtype)
      (.setValue (->json x)))))

(defn <-pgobject
  "Transform PGobject containing `json` or `jsonb` value to Clojure
  data."
  [^org.postgresql.util.PGobject v]
  (let [type  (.getType v)
        value (.getValue v)]
    (if (#{"jsonb" "json"} type)
      (with-meta (<-json value) {:pgtype type})
      value)))

Finally we extend next.jdbc.prepare/SettableParameter and next.jdbc.result-set/ReadableColumn protocols to make the conversion between clojure data and PGobject JSON automatic:

(require '[next.jdbc.prepare :as prepare])
(require '[next.jdbc.result-set :as rs])

;; if a SQL parameter is a Clojure hash map or vector, it'll be transformed
;; to a PGobject for JSON/JSONB:
(extend-protocol prepare/SettableParameter
  clojure.lang.IPersistentMap
  (set-parameter [m s i]
    (.setObject s i (->pgobject m)))

  clojure.lang.IPersistentVector
  (set-parameter [v s i]
    (.setObject s i (->pgobject v))))

;; if a row contains a PGobject then we'll convert them to Clojure data
;; while reading (if column is either "json" or "jsonb" type):
(extend-protocol rs/ReadableColumn
  org.postgresql.util.PGobject
  (read-column-by-label [^org.postgresql.util.PGobject v _]
    (<-pgobject v))
  (read-column-by-index [^org.postgresql.util.PGobject v _2 _3]
    (<-pgobject v)))

Inserting and Querying JSON

Let's assume we have following table:

create table demo (
  id          serial primary key,
  doc_jsonb   jsonb,
  doc_json    json
)

We can now insert Clojure data into json and jsonb fields:

(require '[next.jdbc :as jdbc])
(require '[next.jdbc.sql :as sql])

(def db { ...db-spec here... })
(def ds (jdbc/get-datasource db))

(def test-map
  {:some-key "some val" :nested {:a 1} :null-val nil :vector [1 2 3]})

(def data1
  {:doc_jsonb test-map
   :doc_json  (with-meta test-map {:pgtype "json"})})

(sql/insert! ds :demo data1)

(def test-vector
    [{:a 1} nil 2 "lalala" []])

(def data2
    {:doc_jsonb test-vector
     :doc_json  (with-meta test-vector {:pgtype "json"})})

(sql/insert! ds :demo data2)

And those columns are nicely transformed into Clojure data when querying:

(sql/get-by-id ds :demo 1)
=> #:demo{:id 1,
          :doc_json
          {:some-key "some val",
           :nested {:a 1},
           :vector [1 2 3],
           :null-val nil},
          :doc_jsonb
          {:some-key "some val",
           :nested {:a 1},
           :vector [1 2 3],
           :null-val nil}}

(sql/get-by-id ds :demo 2)
=> #:demo{:id 2,
          :doc_json [{:a 1} nil 2 "lalala" []],
          :doc_jsonb [{:a 1} nil 2 "lalala" []]}

;; Query by value of JSON field 'some-key'
(sql/query ds [(str "select id, doc_jsonb::json->'nested' as foo"
                    "  from demo where doc_jsonb::json->>'some-key' = ?")
               "some val"])
=> [{:demo/id 1, :foo {:a 1}}]

JSON or JSONB?

• A json column stores JSON data as strings (reading and writing is fast but manipulation is slow, field order is preserved)
• A jsonb column stores JSON data in binary format (manipulation is significantly faster but reading and writing is a little slower)

If you're unsure whether you want to use json or jsonb, use jsonb.

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