Protocol

Maelstrom nodes receive messages on STDIN, send messages on STDOUT, and log debugging output on STDERR. Maelstrom nodes must not print anything that is not a message to STDOUT. Maelstrom will log STDERR output to disk for you.

Nodes and Networks

A Maelstrom test simulates a distributed system by running many nodes, and a network which routes messages between them. Each node has a unique string identifier, used to route messages to and from that node.

• Nodes n1, n2, n3, etc. are instances of the binary you pass to Maelstrom. These nodes implement whatever distributed algorithm you're trying to build: for instance, a key-value store. You can think of these as servers, in that they accept requests from clients and send back responses.

• Nodes c1, c2, c3, etc. are Maelstrom's internal clients. Clients send requests to servers and expect responses back, via a simple asynchronous RPC protocol.

Messages

Both STDIN and STDOUT messages are JSON objects, separated by newlines (\n). Each message object is of the form:

{
  "src":  A string identifying the node this message came from
  "dest": A string identifying the node this message is to
  "body": An object: the payload of the message
}

Message Bodies

RPC messages exchanged with Maelstrom's clients have bodies with the following reserved keys:

{
  "type":        (mandatory) A string identifying the type of message this is
  "msg_id":      (optional)  A unique integer identifier
  "in_reply_to": (optional)  For req/response, the msg_id of the request
}

Message IDs should be unique on the node which sent them. For instance, each node can use a monotonically increasing integer as their source of message IDs.

Each message has additional keys, depending on what kind of message it is. For example, here is a read request from the lin_kv workload, which asks for the current value of key 3:

{
  "type": "read",
  "msg_id": 123,
  "key": 3
}

And its corresponding response, indicating the value is presently 4:

{
  "type": "read_ok",
  "msg_id": 56,
  "in_reply_to": 123,
  "value": 4
}

The various message types and the meanings of their fields are defined in the workload documentation.

Messages exchanged between your server nodes may have any body structure you like; you are not limited to request-response, and may invent any message semantics you choose. If some of your messages do use the body format described above, Maelstrom can help generate useful visualizations and statistics for those messages.

Initialization

At the start of a test, Maelstrom issues a single init message to each node, like so:

{
  "type":     "init",
  "msg_id":   1,
  "node_id":  "n3",
  "node_ids": ["n1", "n2", "n3"]
}

The node_id field indicates the ID of the node which is receiving this message: here, the node ID is "n1". Your node should remember this ID and include it as the src of any message it sends.

The node_ids field lists all nodes in the cluster, including the recipient. All nodes receive an identical list; you may use its order if you like.

Errors

In response to a Maelstrom RPC request, a node may respond with an error message, whose body is a JSON object like so:

{"type":        "error",
 "in_reply_to": 5,
 "code":        11,
 "text":        "Node n5 is waiting for quorum and cannot service requests yet"
}

The type of an error body is always \"error\".

As with all RPC responses, the in_reply_to field is the msg_id of the request which caused this error.

The code is an integer which indicates the type of error which occurred. Maelstrom defines several error types, and you can also invent your own. Codes 0-9999 are reserved for Maelstrom's use; codes 1000 and above are free for your own purposes.

The text field is a free-form string. It is optional, and may contain any explanatory message you like.

You may include other keys in the error body, if you like; Maelstrom will retain them as a part of the history, and they may be helpful in your own analysis.

Errors are either definite or indefinite. A definite error means that the requested operation definitely did not (and never will) happen. An indefinite error means that the operation might have happened, or might never happen, or might happen at some later time. Maelstrom uses this information to interpret histories correctly, so it's important that you never return a definite error under indefinite conditions. When in doubt, indefinite is always safe. Custom error codes are always indefinite.

The following table lists all of Maelstrom's defined errors.

Code	Name	Definite	Description
0	timeout		Indicates that the requested operation could not be completed within a timeout.
1	node-not-found	✓	Thrown when a client sends an RPC request to a node which does not exist.
10	not-supported	✓	Use this error to indicate that a requested operation is not supported by the current implementation. Helpful for stubbing out APIs during development.
11	temporarily-unavailable	✓	Indicates that the operation definitely cannot be performed at this time--perhaps because the server is in a read-only state, has not yet been initialized, believes its peers to be down, and so on. Do not use this error for indeterminate cases, when the operation may actually have taken place.
12	malformed-request	✓	The client's request did not conform to the server's expectations, and could not possibly have been processed.
13	crash		Indicates that some kind of general, indefinite error occurred. Use this as a catch-all for errors you can't otherwise categorize, or as a starting point for your error handler: it's safe to return internal-error for every problem by default, then add special cases for more specific errors later.
14	abort	✓	Indicates that some kind of general, definite error occurred. Use this as a catch-all for errors you can't otherwise categorize, when you specifically know that the requested operation has not taken place. For instance, you might encounter an indefinite failure during the prepare phase of a transaction: since you haven't started the commit process yet, the transaction can't have taken place. It's therefore safe to return a definite abort to the client.
20	key-does-not-exist	✓	The client requested an operation on a key which does not exist (assuming the operation should not automatically create missing keys).
21	key-already-exists	✓	The client requested the creation of a key which already exists, and the server will not overwrite it.
22	precondition-failed	✓	The requested operation expected some conditions to hold, and those conditions were not met. For instance, a compare-and-set operation might assert that the value of a key is currently 5; if the value is 3, the server would return precondition-failed.
30	txn-conflict	✓	The requested transaction has been aborted because of a conflict with another transaction. Servers need not return this error on every conflict: they may choose to retry automatically instead.