A Short Overview of Databases

Before you jump into working with Metabase, it's helpful to know a few key database terms.

Tables

Fundamentally, databases are collections of tables. Tables contain one or more columns and one or more rows. A row is made up of cells, and each cell has a value that corresponds to the column it falls under.

Here's an example of a table:

Name	Age
John	25
Jenny	31

Here, the columns are Name and Age. The first row contains two cells, one with John and one with 25, corresponding to the Name and Age columns, respectively.

Columns

All the cells in a column contain the same type of information. For example, in the sample table above, the Name column contains names in each cell, while the Age column lists ages.

Columns are also sometimes interchangeably referred to as fields. Each field has a type that describes what kind of data is stored in the field.

Examples of types:

• String Types (TEXT, CHAR, VCHAR, etc.) - In the world of technology, snippets of text are referred to as “strings.” (You’ve probably heard of a “string of text” before.) These fields store things like names, addresses, or anything else that is text.

• Numerical Types (Integer, Float, DoubleFloat, Decimal, etc.) - These fields store numbers. Integers are whole numbers; Floats and Decimals are ways to store numbers with decimals in them. Numerical types store things like ages, bank account balances, costs, latitudes, and longitudes.

• Time Types (Timestamp, etc.) - These fields are a special number format used to store dates and times (or both), called “timestamps.” Sometimes databases store an integer timestamp which is either seconds or milliseconds, such as 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), Thursday, 1 January 1970. This convention allows for compact storage of timestamps.

• IDs (also called primary keys) - This field in a table uniquely identifies each row. For example, imagine a car reservation app where you can book a car in advance. The ID of the reservation could be the reservation number, and no two reservations would share the same reservation number, allowing each reservation to be uniquely identified by its reservation number.

Example

Reservations Table

Reservation ID	Name	Age
11	John	25
12	Jenny	31

In the above table, the Reservation ID field is the ID (primary key). The Name field is a string type and the Age field is a numerical type (specifically an Integer).

Relationships

Tables can contain references to other tables, which establishes a relationship between them.

For example, in our hypothetical car booking app’s database, we could have two tables: one for reservations (let's call it Reservations) and one for customers, (we'll call this one Customers).

To connect the reservation data to the corresponding customer data, you can use a foreign key. A foreign key is a special kind of field in a table that references the same column in a different table. Almost always, the field that the foreign key points to is the ID or primary key in the other table.

For example, in our hypothetical car booking app, we could connect each reservation in the Reservations table to the corresponding customer that made the reservation by having the Customer column of the reservation contain the same value as the ID column of the customer who made the reservation.

Reservations

Customer	Date	Car
11	12/20/2015	Toyota Camry
12	1/2/2016	Range Rover

Customers

ID	Name	Age
11	John	25
12	Jenny	31

If we wanted to analyze our hypothetical app's database with Metabase, we could ask a question, like:

What's the average age of all customers who made reservations in February of 2015?

To do this, we’d open up the Reservation table, add a filter to only look at reservations between February 1 and February 28, 2015, select Average for the View. For the Field, now we put our foreign key to use and select Age from the Customers table that our Reservations table references — each reservation will now have a corresponding customer age, matched up by the customer ID.

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Next: Asking questions

Now that we have a shared vocabulary and a basic understanding of databases, let's learn more about exploring in Metabase